Why the Bosphorus Strait is considered a strategic artery of the world Automatic translate

The Bosphorus Strait is a unique and strategically important waterway that connects two large bodies of water, the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Marmara, and separates two continents, Europe and Asia. It is located in Turkey and passes through the city of Istanbul itself, dividing it into European and Asian parts. The length of the strait is about 30 kilometers, the width varies from 700 meters at the narrowest points to 3.7 kilometers at the widest. The depth of the fairway is from 33 to 80 meters

Geological origin and formation

The exact date and reason for the formation of the Bosphorus are still a matter of debate among scientists. According to one of the leading theories, the strait was formed about 7-10 thousand years ago, at the end of the last ice age. As a result of the melting of glaciers, the water level in the Black Sea rose sharply, and a powerful stream of water broke through the natural barrier that separated it from the Sea of ​​Marmara. This event could have coincided with the so-called Black Sea flood - a catastrophic rise in water levels that significantly changed the surrounding landscape.

The Bosphorus is a flooded ancient river valley formed in the Quaternary period. The strait has an unusual two-layer current: the upper layer of fresh water from the Black Sea moves to the Sea of ​​Marmara at a speed of about 1.5 - 2 m / s, and below it, a saltier current from the Sea of ​​Marmara is directed to the Black Sea. (photos and facts about the Bosphorus Strait - https://www.tourister.ru/world/asia/turkey/city/istanbul/placeofinterest/29799 )

Historical and strategic significance

The Bosphorus has long been a vital trade and military route, controlling maritime communications between the Black Sea region and the Mediterranean. Control over the strait meant control over key trade routes and the ability to impose duties on passing ships. Therefore, throughout history, the Bosphorus has been the object of many conflicts and conquests.

• In ancient times, the strait was called Hellespont - in honor of the legendary daughter of the king of Thessaly.
• The Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes I crossed the strait during their campaigns against the Greeks, constructing overhead bridges from boats.
• The Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman Empire controlled the strait, building fortresses on its shores - Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı - to protect and control the waterway.
• The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, located on both banks of the Bosphorus, was a strategic turning point and opened a new era in world history.
• In the 19th century, the Bosphorus was the center of diplomatic battles between Russia, England, France and the Ottoman Empire, and international agreements regulated the passage of ships through the strait.

Modern meaning and shipping

Today, the Bosphorus remains one of the busiest and narrowest shipping straits in the world. Passenger ferries, commercial and oil ships pass through it daily. The narrowness of the strait, strong currents (up to 6 knots) and changing weather conditions make navigation here very difficult, so pilots are often required for the safe passage of ships. The strait provides access to the world’s oceans for Russia, Ukraine, the countries of the Transcaucasus, and is also an important artery for oil exports from the Caspian region.

There are several bridges and tunnels across the Bosphorus that connect Europe and Asia in the city of Istanbul, such as the Bosphorus Bridge and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. They have become symbols of the unity of the two continents and the pride of engineering.

Cultural and natural heritage

The shores of the strait are adorned with historic fortresses, palaces and mansions from the Ottoman era, such as the Dolmabahce Palace and the Beylerbeyi Palace. These architectural monuments create a unique cultural landscape and attract many tourists.

The Bosphorus is not only a shipping artery, but also a unique natural phenomenon. The strait is one of Turkey’s key ecological zones and an object of scientific research. Along its shores, one can observe a variety of flora and fauna, including rare species.

Interesting facts about the Bosphorus

• The Bosphorus waterway is a place with two currents in opposite directions, which is a unique hydrological feature.
• In ancient times, floating bridges were built across the strait to allow armies to pass through, the most famous example being the army of Xerxes.
• Control over the Bosphorus was considered the key to power in the Black Sea and a key factor in the Russo-Turkish wars.
• During World War I, the Allies made an unsuccessful attempt to take the Straits at the Battle of Gallipoli.
• The bridges across the Bosphorus, built in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, have become important transport arteries, significantly reducing the city’s traffic congestion.
• It is believed that the ancient Greek myth of Hero and Leander is connected with legends about the strait that passes here.

The Bosphorus Strait is a place rich in history, geopolitics, culture and natural splendor. Its uniqueness is expressed in its role as a bridge between continents, in the history of great empires and in the modern life of one of the most vibrant and dynamic megacities in the world - Istanbul.

Why the Bosphorus Strait is considered a strategic artery of the world

The Bosphorus Strait is considered a strategic artery of the world for several key reasons:

1. Geographical location and connection of continents
   The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Marmara, and through them - with the Mediterranean and further the Atlantic Ocean. It also separates two continents - Europe and Asia, passing through the largest city of Turkey - Istanbul. This strategic position makes the Bosphorus the only sea passage for many countries of the Black Sea region - Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Georgia and others
2. Key trade route and sea artery
   Thousands of ships pass through the Bosphorus every year, including merchant and oil tankers, making it a vital transport route for exporting oil and other cargo from Russia and the Caspian countries to world markets. About 3% of the world’s daily oil supplies pass through this strait.
3. Strategic Military Significance
   Historically, control of the Bosphorus has meant control over access to the Black Sea, a key maritime zone. The strait has been the subject of numerous military campaigns, fortifications, and political agreements (such as the 1936 Montreux Convention) that regulate the passage of military and merchant ships through the strait, maintaining its importance in international security.
4. Political and Geopolitical Influence
   Since Turkey controls the Bosphorus, it has the ability to influence international shipping in the region. This makes the strait an important lever in world politics, influencing relations between countries — both Black Sea and non-Black Sea powers.
5. Infrastructure and Transport Communications
   Large bridges and tunnels have been built across the Bosphorus, linking Europe and Asia in Istanbul, symbolizing the unity of the two continents and strengthening its role as a key transport hub.

The Bosphorus Strait is a vital hub in global trade, military strategy and politics, providing connections between different regions and continents and controlling one of the most important sea routes on the planet.