Veliky Novgorod - where is it located, population, history of the city 
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Veliky Novgorod is one of the oldest cities in Russia, which played a key role in the formation of Russian statehood, culture and Orthodox tradition. This city has not only preserved unique architectural monuments and chronicle evidence, but also remains an important scientific, tourist and administrative center. In this article, we will consider in detail where Veliky Novgorod is located, how many people live there, and also trace the main stages of its centuries-old history - from the first mentions in the chronicles to its modern appearance.
Geographical location
Veliky Novgorod is located in the northwest of the country. It is located in the northern part of the Novgorod region, on the banks of the Volkhov River, between Lake Ilmen and Lake Ladoga. Geographically, the city occupies a strategically important position - it is at the intersection of ancient trade routes, including the famous route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."
The terrain is flat, with landscapes typical of northwestern Russia: mixed forests, swamps and lakes. The climate is moderately continental, with cold winters and warm summers, which affects both living conditions and the agricultural characteristics of the region.
The distance from Veliky Novgorod to St. Petersburg is about 190 km, to Moscow - approximately 530 km. The proximity to major transport arteries and the presence of waterways played a key role in the historical development of the city as a commercial and cultural center.
Population size
As of 2024, the population of Veliky Novgorod is about 222 thousand people. It is one of the largest settlements in the Novgorod region and its administrative center. The demographic structure of the city is characterized by moderate natural growth, with a tendency to stabilize the population after a decline in the 1990s and early 2000s.
The majority of the population is Russian, but the city is also home to representatives of other nationalities, including Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars and others. The socio-economic profile of the population is formed by the developed education, health care, tourism and industry sectors.
Veliky Novgorod has a high level of urbanization and developed urban infrastructure. There are multidisciplinary medical institutions, educational centers, including universities, colleges and schools. This makes the city attractive both for living and for moving young professionals.
History of the city
Foundation and early period
Veliky Novgorod is one of the oldest cities in Russia, first mentioned in chronicles in 859. The city arose as a Slavic settlement at the crossroads of trade routes, which contributed to its rapid economic and political growth.
Since the 10th century, Novgorod has been the center of the Novgorod land, a large feudal principality that was part of the Old Russian state. Even then, the city played the role of an important political and spiritual center; the residences of princes and metropolitans were located here. St. Sophia Cathedral, founded in 1045, became the architectural dominant and symbol of the city.
Novgorod Republic
Since 1136, Veliky Novgorod became a de facto independent state entity — the Novgorod Republic. The city was governed by the veche — the people’s assembly, as well as the posadnik (head of the executive power), the tysyatsky (military commander) and the archbishop, who wielded considerable influence.
The Novgorod Republic became an example of a unique political system based on elements of democracy. The city was actively developing, conducted international trade, and maintained ties with the Hanseatic League. The architectural appearance of that time was formed by stone temples and fortifications, many of which have survived to this day.
During this period, Novgorod was the intellectual center of Rus’. Chronicle collections were formed here, active correspondence was conducted, and book culture developed. Excavations have discovered many birch bark letters, giving an idea of the high literacy of the townspeople and the level of business life.
Annexation to the Moscow Principality
In 1478, the Novgorod Republic was annexed to the Moscow Principality under Ivan III. This marked the end of the city’s political independence. Despite the loss of independence, Veliky Novgorod retained important cultural and economic significance. It was here that the oldest Russian chronicles were kept, and icon painting, book publishing, and architecture developed.
The annexation was accompanied by repressions, the removal of valuables and the resettlement of Novgorod nobility. However, the administrative system was partially preserved, which allowed elements of local governance to be preserved.
The Time of Troubles and the 17th century
The Time of Troubles (late 16th – early 17th century) was a difficult test for the city. It was attacked by Polish-Lithuanian troops, which led to significant destruction. However, Veliky Novgorod managed to recover and later became an important regional center again.
In the 17th century, new stone churches were actively built in the city, crafts developed, and trade continued. Of particular importance was the Novgorod school of icon painting, distinguished by the strictness of its lines and the depth of its content. The city retained its role as the administrative center of the region and an important point on the route from Moscow to Europe.
The Peter the Great era and the 18th century
The reign of Peter I was marked by an administrative reform - Veliky Novgorod became part of the St. Petersburg Governorate. This step became part of the integration of the northwestern lands into the centralized state. At the same time, the city did not lose its cultural significance.
In the 18th century, new educational institutions were opened here, printing developed, and architecture was influenced by classicism. An educated urban population was formed, and the role of the clergy and merchants increased.
The Novgorod Theological Seminary acquired particular significance and became a center for training clergy and intellectuals. The first attempts at systematic study of Novgorod’s history date back to this time.
XIX - early XX century
The 19th century became a time of stable development for Veliky Novgorod. Administrative buildings, estates, and educational institutions were built in the city. The road infrastructure developed, and railway connections appeared. During this period, the historical and archaeological heritage of the city was actively studied.
Historians, archaeologists and local historians begin systematic work on preserving monuments. Museums, archives and library collections appear. Novgorod becomes an object of interest for the scientific community and tourists.
At the beginning of the 20th century, despite the political upheavals in the country, Veliky Novgorod retained its significance as an important cultural center. Scientific conferences, restoration works were held here, museums were created.
Great Patriotic War
One of the most tragic periods in the city’s history was the occupation during the Great Patriotic War. From 1941 to 1944, Veliky Novgorod was under the control of Nazi troops, which led to significant destruction of cultural monuments and infrastructure.
After the city was liberated in 1944, a large-scale restoration of historical sites began, including the Novgorod Kremlin, St. Sophia Cathedral, and other architectural monuments. A specialized scientific restoration center was created to recreate the city’s historical appearance.
Post-war reconstruction and the Soviet period
In the post-war years, the city was actively restored. New residential areas, enterprises, educational and cultural institutions were built. In 1990, the city was given back its historical name - Veliky Novgorod, previously shortened to simply "Novgorod".
The Soviet period was marked by the development of industry, transport infrastructure, and active support for historical and cultural heritage. The city became a major scientific and tourist center. Architectural reserves were created, excursion routes were organized, festivals and exhibitions were held.
Modern Veliky Novgorod
Today Veliky Novgorod is a developed city with a strong historical and cultural base. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its unique architectural monuments: St. Sophia Cathedral, Yaroslav’s Court, monasteries and the Kremlin.
The city’s economy is based on mechanical engineering, woodworking and food industries, as well as tourism and the service sector. The Yaroslav the Wise Novgorod State University, which forms the intellectual potential of the region, also plays a major role.
The urban environment is distinguished by a high level of amenities: modern residential complexes are combined with preserved historical quarters. The tourist infrastructure is actively developing: hotels, museums, excursion agencies. Veliky Novgorod takes part in international forums, cultural exchanges, educational programs.
Scientific institutions operating in the city conduct research in the field of history, architecture, archeology, which contributes to the popularization of cultural heritage. Active interaction is conducted with UNESCO, as well as Russian and foreign museums.
Thus, Veliky Novgorod remains a living monument of Russian history. It is a unique combination of antiquity and modernity, where every street, every building bears the imprint of centuries-old fate. This is the city where Rus began, and which continues to play an important role in the cultural, scientific and social life of the country.
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