The Epiphany Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337)

This painting depicts the Adoration of the Magi, a scene from the Nativity of Jesus. In the center, swaddled and lying in a manger, is the infant Jesus, attended by his mother Mary and Joseph. Above them, a rustic shelter is visible. Emerging from the right, three kings, identifiable by their crowns and rich attire, approach to pay homage and offer gifts. Joseph, on the left, holds a lamb, symbolizing sacrifice, and an ox and a donkey are also present, traditional elements in Nativity scenes. Above the scene, small angelic figures are depicted.
The subtext of this painting is primarily religious and symbolic. The arrival of the Magi represents the recognition of Christs divinity by the Gentile world, signifying that his message and salvation are not limited to the Jewish people. The gifts they offer – typically gold, frankincense, and myrrh – have their own symbolic meanings: gold signifying kingship, frankincense divinity and priesthood, and myrrh humanity and suffering (foreshadowing the crucifixion). The presence of the animals, particularly the ox and donkey, are also symbolic, often interpreted as representing the Jewish and Gentile faiths awaiting the Messiah, or simply as humble witnesses to the divine birth. The haloed figures of Mary and Joseph indicate their holy status. The overall composition emphasizes reverence, humility, and the profound significance of Jesus birth as foretold in prophecy.