The Great He-Goat or Witches Sabbath, ca 1821-23, 140x4 Francisco Jose De Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828)

The composition presents a densely populated gathering arranged in a semi-circular formation. A central figure, seemingly male and possessing prominent horns, dominates the scene; he stands elevated, presiding over the assembled group. The individuals surrounding him appear as a heterogeneous collection of figures, exhibiting varied postures and expressions ranging from reverent attention to vacant stares or apparent discomfort. Their attire is simple, suggesting a rustic or peasant background.
The color palette is muted, primarily consisting of earthy tones – browns, grays, and ochres – contributing to an atmosphere of gloom and mystery. Light sources are indistinct, creating deep shadows that obscure details and enhance the overall sense of unease. The brushwork appears loose and agitated, lending a frenetic quality to the scene.
Beyond the immediate depiction of this gathering, several subtexts emerge. The central figure’s commanding presence suggests a hierarchical structure or ritualistic authority. The varied reactions among the assembled individuals imply a complex dynamic – perhaps coercion, genuine belief, or simply participation out of fear or social pressure. There is an unsettling ambiguity regarding the nature of their assembly; it could be interpreted as a celebration, a clandestine meeting, or even a scene of forced servitude.
The painting’s horizontal format reinforces the sense of a panoramic view, encompassing a vast and potentially chaotic world. The lack of clear narrative cues leaves room for multiple interpretations, inviting viewers to contemplate the nature of belief, power, and social control within a community. The overall effect is one of unsettling spectacle, prompting reflection on the darker aspects of human behavior and societal structures.