Death of Richard II, engraved by A. Smith Francis Wheatley (1747-1801)

The engraving presents a dramatic scene unfolding within what appears to be a fortified chamber or dungeon. The composition is dominated by a central figure, positioned in a posture of defiance and apparent struggle. He stands with one arm raised, as if attempting to ward off an impending blow, while the other hand clutches at his chest. His clothing suggests high status – a richly embroidered coat over what seems to be a shirt or tunic – yet it is disheveled, indicative of a violent encounter.
Above him, two figures wielding axes are poised to strike. Their faces are obscured by helmets, rendering them anonymous agents of force rather than individualized characters. The positioning of these figures emphasizes the power imbalance inherent in the scene; they loom over the central figure, their actions seemingly inevitable. A third armored individual stands slightly behind and to the left, observing the unfolding events with a stoic expression. His presence suggests an official sanction or participation in the act.
At the base of the composition lies a fallen body, partially concealed by a draped cloth. This figure’s posture – prone and lifeless – serves as a stark visual contrast to the central figures resistance. The use of light and shadow is particularly effective in highlighting the drama; the central figure is illuminated, drawing immediate attention to his plight, while the surrounding areas are shrouded in darkness, contributing to an atmosphere of tension and foreboding.
The architectural setting – the rough-hewn stone walls and arched ceiling – reinforces a sense of confinement and oppression. The engraving’s style, with its meticulous detailing and dramatic chiaroscuro, evokes a theatrical quality, suggesting that the scene is intended not merely to depict an event but also to elicit an emotional response from the viewer.
Subtly, the artist seems interested in exploring themes of power, resistance, and mortality. The central figure’s defiant stance, despite his impending doom, implies a refusal to submit entirely to authority. The anonymity of the executioners underscores the impersonal nature of political violence. Ultimately, the engraving conveys a sense of tragedy and injustice, prompting reflection on the fragility of human life and the consequences of unchecked power.