Anthonissen, Hendrick van – De verrassing van drie Portugese galjoenen in de Baai van Goa, 30 september 1639, 1653 Rijksmuseum: part 1

The canvas presents a maritime scene dominated by naval conflict unfolding within a sheltered bay. A substantial fortification, dark and imposing, occupies the foreground center, its structure suggesting a defensive position overlooking the water. Smoke billows from cannons positioned along its walls, indicating active engagement.
Several large sailing vessels are visible, arranged in a chaotic yet structured composition across the middle ground. The ships display varying degrees of damage; some appear to be actively firing, while others seem caught in the midst of battle or attempting evasive maneuvers. Flags bearing distinctive orange and white stripes flutter from the masts of at least one vessel, suggesting a particular national affiliation.
The bay itself is rendered with a muted palette, reflecting an overcast sky and calm water surface. The shoreline rises gently on the right side of the composition, culminating in a densely forested hill that provides a backdrop to the action. A sense of depth is created through atmospheric perspective; distant elements are softened and less distinct than those closer to the viewer.
The artist’s choice to depict this event within a confined bay emphasizes the vulnerability of the Portuguese ships, seemingly caught off guard by the attack. The positioning of the fortification suggests it played a crucial role in the unfolding events, potentially serving as a staging ground for the assault or providing cover for the attacking forces.
Beyond the immediate depiction of military action, the painting hints at broader themes of colonial power and conflict. The presence of European ships engaged in battle within an Asian setting speaks to the eras global trade networks and imperial ambitions. The smoke and chaos convey a sense of disruption and violence inherent in these encounters. The overall impression is one of suddenness and surprise – a moment frozen in time, capturing the intensity of naval warfare during a period of intense European expansionism.