San Gerolamo (Polyptych of San Bernardino) Bergognone (Ambrogio da Fossano) (1453-1523)

The composition presents a solitary figure set against a dark background, framed by a subtle arch that draws attention to his presence. The man stands in three-quarter view, facing forward with a direct gaze that conveys both solemnity and introspection. He is depicted as an older individual, characterized by a long, flowing beard and hair streaked with grey, suggesting age and wisdom acquired through experience. His body appears gaunt, the musculature visible beneath a simple, dark cloak draped loosely over his shoulders, leaving one arm bare.

The artist has employed a restrained palette dominated by earthy tones – browns, ochres, and muted greens – which contribute to the overall atmosphere of austerity and spiritual contemplation. The light source seems to originate from above and slightly to the left, illuminating the figure’s face and upper body while casting deep shadows that accentuate his emaciated form.

At the base of the composition, two symbolic elements are placed: a lion lies prostrate at his feet, and a human skull rests on the ground nearby. The lion, traditionally associated with Christ or strength, here appears subdued, almost subservient to the figure’s authority. The presence of the skull is an unambiguous memento mori, a reminder of mortality and the transience of earthly existence.

The staff he holds in his hand is topped with a cross, reinforcing the religious context of the scene. A rosary hangs from his waist, further emphasizing his devotion and ascetic lifestyle. The figure’s posture – upright yet weary – suggests both resilience and suffering, hinting at a life dedicated to spiritual discipline and perhaps enduring hardship.

The subtexts within this painting revolve around themes of repentance, sacrifice, and the pursuit of divine knowledge. The starkness of the setting and the figures physical condition underscore the challenges inherent in a devout religious path. The lion and skull serve as potent visual cues, prompting reflection on power, humility, and the inevitability of death. Overall, the work conveys a sense of profound spiritual depth and invites contemplation on the nature of faith and human existence.