What was taught in Byzantine schools, what caused such a choice of subjects 
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Byzantine education was a complex system, deeply rooted in classical traditions, but heavily influenced by Christian theology and the administrative needs of the empire.
Education in the Byzantine Empire developed on the basis of the classical Greek educational system, which was adapted to the Christian context and the needs of the Byzantine state. Schools were generally divided into primary, secondary and higher education institutions. Education began with basic literacy and numeracy and progressed to more advanced subjects, including rhetoric, philosophy and theology.
Primary education, typically for children between the ages of six and ten, was carried out in small local schools or in homes. The main focus was on teaching the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic. Religious texts were often used to teach reading, among which psalms stood out. This choice reflected the central role of Christianity in Byzantine culture and the desire to instill religious values from an early age.
In secondary school, students, usually boys between the ages of ten and sixteen, attended grammar schools (grammatika scholeia), where the curriculum was broader and more in-depth. Core subjects included grammar, rhetoric, and literature, largely based on classical Greek texts by authors such as Homer , Hesiod , and Euripides . The inclusion of these texts was due to the Byzantines’ reverence for their classical heritage and the conviction that a thorough training in classical literature was necessary for the development of eloquence and critical thinking.
Grammar was a fundamental subject in secondary education. It included a detailed study of Greek language structures, syntax and morphology. To master these aspects, the works of classical grammarians such as Dionysius Thrax were studied. This rigorous training in grammar was intended to ensure that students were able to read, understand, and accurately interpret classical texts.
Rhetoric , the art of persuasive speech and writing, was another essential component of Byzantine education. It was taught from the works of classical rhetoricians such as Demosthenes and Aristotle, and later by Byzantine scholars such as Hermogenes. Mastery of rhetoric was essential for anyone seeking a career in government, law, or the church, as effective communication was a key skill in these fields.
The study of literature in Byzantine schools was not limited to pagan texts. Christian literature, including the works of Church Fathers such as Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom, was also an integral part of the curriculum. These texts were studied not only for their theological content, but also for their literary and rhetorical qualities. This dual focus provided students with a balanced education that respected both classical and Christian traditions.
Higher education was available in larger cities such as Constantinople , Alexandria and Antioch , where more specialized schools existed. At this level, subjects such as philosophy, law, medicine and theology were studied. Philosophy, especially the works of Plato and Aristotle , was central to higher education. The study of philosophy was aimed at developing students’ ability to think critically and reason logically, skills that were highly valued in both secular and ecclesiastical environments.
The study of law was essential for those who intended to become members of the imperial bureaucracy or the judiciary. Byzantine legal education was based on the Justinian Code, a comprehensive codification of Roman law. The emphasis on the study of law reflected the complexity of the administrative structure of the Byzantine Empire and the need for a well-educated bureaucratic elite.
Medicine was another important subject in Byzantine higher education. The works of Galen and Hippocrates formed the basis of medical education, supplemented by the contributions of Byzantine physicians such as Oribasius and Aetius of Amida. The inclusion of medical education was driven by the practical need for qualified physicians and the intellectual prestige associated with medical knowledge.
Theology was perhaps the most prestigious and influential subject in Byzantine higher education. It included the study of the Bible, patristic works, dogmatic and liturgical traditions of the Church. Theological education was necessary to prepare the clergy and those who aspired to positions of influence in the Church. The Byzantine Empire was a theocratic state where the Church played a central role in public and private life, so theological education was crucial to maintaining the religious and ideological unity of the empire.
The choice of subjects in Byzantine schools was influenced by a combination of the classical heritage, Christian doctrine and the practical needs of the state. The emphasis on classical literature and rhetoric ensured continuity with the ancient Greek educational tradition, and the inclusion of Christian texts and theology reflected the dominant role of the church. The emphasis on law and medicine met the administrative and practical needs of the empire, providing its staff with well-educated and competent people.