Types of septic tanks 
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Septic tanks play a critical role in the disposal and treatment of household wastewater in areas without access to centralized sewer systems. These underground structures are designed to separate solids from liquid waste and promote the decomposition of organic matter.
The efficiency of a septic tank largely depends on its design and type. Most often, several types of septic tanks are used, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Since the failure of a septic tank is fraught with unpleasant consequences, it makes sense to consult with specialists and not neglect their advice. We contacted the LOS-Market company to compile a list of the most common systems and describe their features.
You may have already heard about Topol-Eco septic tanks (Topas brand). The cost of the Topas septic tank is slightly higher or comparable to other systems, but it is distinguished by the purification of 98% of the drain and permission to install in environmental zones; today it is one of the most technically advanced septic systems in Russia.
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Traditional Gravity Systems
The most common type of septic tank is the traditional gravity system. In this traditional design, gravity moves wastewater through the tank. As wastewater enters the tank, solid particles settle to the bottom and waste floats to the top. The clarified liquid located in the middle layer is discharged into the drainage field for further purification. Traditional gravity systems are simple, cost-effective and suitable for sites with suitable soil conditions. -
Pressure and distribution systems
In areas with difficult terrain or limited soil conditions, pressure and distribution septic systems come to the rescue. These systems use a pump to distribute wastewater evenly throughout the entire drainage field, ensuring uniform cleaning and preventing overloading of individual areas. Pressure distribution systems are universal and can be adapted to different soils and site conditions. -
Sand Filter Systems
Sand filter septic systems include a layer of sand or other media to further treat the effluent before it enters the drainfield. The wastewater passes through the sand, where bacteria and other microorganisms remove additional impurities. Such systems are effective in areas with high groundwater levels or impermeable soils. However, they require regular maintenance to prevent clogging. -
Aerobic treatment facilities
Unlike traditional anaerobic septic tanks, in aerobic systems oxygen is introduced into the treatment process, which promotes the proliferation of aerobic bacteria. These bacteria break down organic matter more efficiently, resulting in higher levels of wastewater treatment. Such systems are often used in areas where soil conditions are less favorable for conventional varieties. -
Barrow Systems
Barrow septic systems are suitable for areas with shallow or poor quality soil. In such systems, an embankment is erected above the ground level, providing additional treatment of wastewater before it seeps into the natural soil. Bulk systems can be expensive and require more maintenance, but they are effective in difficult environmental conditions. -
Peat Filter Systems
Peat filter systems use a layer of peat moss or coconut coir as a filter material for wastewater treatment. These systems are compact and can be installed in areas with limited space. Organic material in the filter promotes bacterial growth, enhancing the cleaning process. Peat filter systems are suitable for areas with specific soil conditions and limited space. -
Recirculating Sand Filter Systems
Septic systems with a recirculating sand filter consist of a series of basins filled with sand through which the effluent is circulated repeatedly. This improves the cleaning process and reduces the content of nitrogen compounds. Such systems effectively solve the problem of nitrogen pollution in environmentally sensitive areas.
The type of septic tank you choose depends on a variety of factors, including soil conditions, site characteristics, and local regulations. Understanding the differences between these types of septic tanks is important to ensure proper wastewater treatment and the longevity of the entire septic system.