Decorative moldings in architecture and interior design Automatic translate

Decorative moldings are architectural elements in the form of convex strips with a flat back surface. These elements are used to decorate walls, arches, doorways, fireplaces and other surfaces in the interior and on the facades of buildings. Moldings not only decorate the space, but also perform a number of practical functions, helping to hide surface imperfections, visually change the proportions of the room and create a well-thought-out architectural composition.

History of the emergence and development of moldings

Antiquity and Antiquity

The history of moldings goes back to ancient times. According to archaeological data, the first moldings appeared around 5000 years BC in Ancient Egypt, where they served as decoration elements for temples and palace complexes.

Decorative strips were further developed in Ancient Greece, where an order emerged – a clear system of architectural composition combining structural and decorative elements. The Greeks created profiles of various shapes, which became the basis for classical architectural solutions of subsequent eras.

The Romans adopted the art of molding from the Greeks, but developed it significantly. They did not skimp on decorations and often placed several rows of richly decorated elements on buildings at once. Such luxurious moldings can be seen on the Altar of Peace, erected under the Emperor Octavian Augustus. Roman buildings often had reliefs with scenes of battles, ceremonial processions and other significant events.

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Unlike many ancient decorative elements, moldings did not disappear with the fall of the Roman Empire. Throughout the Middle Ages, architects continued to use these elements, giving them new forms.

During the Romanesque period, moldings were used sparingly, primarily to frame arches and openings. During the Gothic period, these elements acquired particular importance – builders used them to emphasize the vertical lines of cathedrals, enhancing the sense of upward aspiration.

The Renaissance brought a return to classical traditions. Craftsmen studied antique models and restored lost techniques. Architects of the time understood that classical design was based on harmonious proportions, so they richly decorated buildings with moldings and other decorative elements.

Baroque, Rococo and Classicism

The real heyday of moldings came during the Baroque and Rococo periods. During these eras, decorative elements became more lush and refined, often dominating the interior. This was especially evident in France, where moldings became part of the palace style.

This type of wall decor was actively developed during the heyday of luxurious rococo, and has since become an indispensable attribute of exquisite interiors. The interiors of the Palace of Versailles demonstrate a variety of moldings that create a majestic and luxurious space.

In the era of classicism, moldings became more strict and restrained, but retained their importance as elements structuring architectural space.

Modernity

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the advent of modernism and minimalism, the use of moldings somewhat decreased. Architects sought simplicity of forms and the rejection of excessive decor. However, these elements continue to play an important role in modern design.

Today, designers are finding new ways to use moldings, combining traditional forms with modern materials and technologies. They are used not only in classic interiors, but also in modern styles, adding depth and character to the space.

Materials for making moldings

Over the centuries of moldings’ existence, the materials for their production have changed and improved many times. Modern manufacturers offer a wide range of products made from different materials, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages.

Tree

Wood is a traditional material for making moldings. Wooden elements are valued for their naturalness, warmth and authentic look. They are easy to process, which allows you to create complex profiles and carved patterns.

The advantages of wooden moldings include environmental friendliness, aesthetic texture and the possibility of restoration. However, they also have disadvantages: susceptibility to moisture, possible deformation when temperature and humidity change, the need for regular treatment with protective compounds.

Different types of wood are used to make moldings: oak, beech, ash, pine, linden. The choice of type depends on the interior style, budget and operating conditions.

Gypsum

Gypsum is another classic material for moldings, used from ancient times to the present day. Gypsum elements are characterized by high strength, durability and resistance to high temperatures. They allow you to create products with fine detailing and clear lines.

The advantages of gypsum moldings include good sound insulation properties and fire resistance. They can be used near fireplaces and other heat sources.

The main disadvantages of gypsum moldings are their high weight and fragility during transportation and installation. Also, gypsum does not tolerate moisture well, so such elements are not recommended for use in rooms with high humidity.

Polyurethane

Polyurethane is a modern material that has become widespread due to its unique properties. Polyurethane moldings are lightweight, durable, moisture-resistant and elastic. They are not afraid of temperature changes, do not absorb odors and moisture, which makes them suitable for kitchens and bathrooms.

A special advantage of polyurethane moldings is their flexibility. Elements with the addition of rubber can bend, which allows them to be mounted on columns, arches and other curved surfaces.

Polyurethane is easily painted in any color, which gives designers wide scope for creativity. After painting, polyurethane moldings are visually almost indistinguishable from plaster or wooden ones.

The disadvantages include low resistance to very high temperatures, so it is not recommended to install them near stoves or fireplaces.

Polystyrene (foam plastic)

Polystyrene is a light and affordable material for making moldings. Foam plastic elements are easy to install, flexible, and able to hide surface imperfections.

They are moisture-resistant and accept water-based paint well, which allows you to create a variety of color solutions. Their light weight makes them convenient for self-installation.

The main disadvantage of polystyrene moldings is their fragility and low resistance to mechanical damage. They can easily break if handled carelessly and are not suitable for areas with high traffic.

MDF

MDF (fine fraction) is a material based on wood fibers and synthetic resins. MDF moldings combine the natural look of wood with a more affordable price and better resistance to moisture.

They are easy to process and paint, which makes it possible to implement various design ideas. MDF moldings are stronger than polystyrene, but lighter than wooden ones, which simplifies their installation.

The disadvantages of MDF include lower moisture resistance compared to polyurethane and a less environmentally friendly composition due to the content of formaldehyde resins.

Metal

Metal moldings are a relatively rare but interesting option for modern interiors. They are made of aluminum, brass, copper or stainless steel and are characterized by high strength, durability and an original look.

Metal elements are resistant to moisture, temperature changes and mechanical impacts. They are perfect for modern interior styles such as high-tech, loft or minimalism.

The main disadvantages of metal moldings are high cost, complexity of installation and limited forms due to the specifics of the material.

Types and classification of moldings

By shape and profile

According to shape and profile, moldings are divided into several main types:

Smooth moldings have a simple shape without decorative elements. They can be rectangular, semicircular, beveled or have another geometric shape.

Relief moldings are decorated with patterns, ornaments or other decorative elements. Depending on the complexity of the design, they are divided into elements with longitudinal relief, with plant ornament, with geometric ornament and with figured relief.

Flexible moldings are specially designed for finishing curved surfaces, arches, columns. They are made of elastic materials or have a special design that allows them to bend without damage.

Moldings for hidden lighting have special channels or niches for placing LED strips or other light sources. Such elements create the effect of a floating ceiling or wall and add depth and volume to the room.

By appointment

According to their functional purpose, moldings can be divided into the following categories:

Cornices are installed at the top of the walls, at the junction with the ceiling. They can be crowning, ceiling or supporting.

Skirting boards are located at the bottom of the walls, where they meet the floor. They protect the walls from damage and hide unevenness in the joint between the wall and the floor.

Casings frame door and window openings, giving them a finished look and hiding the joints between the wall and the frame.

Pilasters and columns are vertical decorative elements that imitate architectural columns.

Panels and fillets are elements that create a frame structure on the walls.

Moldings for arch decoration are specially designed for decorating arched openings.

Sandriks are decorative elements located above door and window openings.

Interfloor tie rods are horizontal elements that visually divide the building’s façade into floors.

Plinth belts are moldings located in the lower part of the facade, at the junction with the plinth of the building.

By style

Depending on the design and nature of the decorative elements, moldings are classified according to architectural styles:

Classic moldings are based on antique traditions, are distinguished by harmonious proportions and restrained decor. Elegant decorative elements are used everywhere in classic interiors, moldings Astana today are also produced taking into account traditional canons, maintaining fidelity to proportions and details.

Baroque moldings are characterized by splendor, abundance of decorative elements, complex curvilinear forms. They often contain plant motifs, figures of angels, mascarons.

Rococo style moldings are distinguished by their elegance, asymmetry, and abundance of small details. Typical elements are shells, curls, and flower garlands.

Gothic moldings have pointed shapes, pointed arches, and complex geometric patterns.

Art Nouveau moldings are characterized by smooth, flowing lines and plant motifs inspired by nature.

Modern minimalist moldings have simple geometric shapes, devoid of excessive decor. They are suitable for modern interiors in the style of minimalism, Scandinavian, high-tech.

Functions of moldings in architecture and interior

Decorative functions

The main function of moldings is decorative. These elements give the interior and facade of the building expressiveness, sophistication and individuality. With their help you can:

Create geometric patterns and compositions on the walls, making them more interesting and voluminous.

Create accent zones, drawing attention to certain areas of the interior.

To give the room a stylistic affiliation, be it classic, baroque, art deco or modern style.

Add depth and three-dimensionality to flat surfaces of walls and ceilings.

Create a play of light and shadow thanks to the relief structure.

Practical functions

In addition to their decorative role, moldings perform a number of practical tasks:

They mask joints between different materials, unevenness and surface defects.

They hide communications – wires, cables, pipes.

Protect corners and edges of walls from damage.

They create a basis for hidden lighting, which allows you to implement interesting lighting scenarios.

They improve the acoustic characteristics of the room, especially if the moldings are made of plaster or wood.

They serve to zone the space, visually dividing it into functional areas.

Tectonic functions

The tectonic functions of moldings are related to the visual perception of the architectural structure of the building:

They emphasize the orderliness of the real structure or create a decorative false structure through zoning.

They soften the visual transitions between the joints of parts of the structure that are perpendicular to the planes.

They influence the perception of the scale and properties of space: they can visually lower or raise the ceiling, distract attention from the curvature of the walls or, conversely, emphasize the architectural features of the room.

They use chiaroscuro, creating a sense of real volume and eliminating the monotony of large, uniform areas without decoration.

They separate the planes and surfaces of the building, create hierarchy and direct the viewer’s attention to the main elements.

The use of moldings in different interior styles

Classic style

In the classic style, moldings play a central role, being one of the main elements of decor. They create an atmosphere of luxury, harmony and sophistication. In classic interiors, polyurethane and gypsum white moldings are most often used, which contrast with the pastel tones of the walls.

Characteristic features of using moldings in a classical style:

Symmetry and orderliness of compositions.

The use of cornices, skirting boards and door frames with rich decoration.

Wall decoration using panels created from moldings - dado (lower part of the wall) and panels (upper part).

Decorating the ceiling with stucco rosettes in combination with ceiling cornices.

The use of pilasters and half-columns for visual division of space.

Framing door and window openings with trims and decorative elements.

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is a modern interpretation of the classical style, which preserves the basic principles of classicism, but in a more laconic form. Moldings in a neoclassical interior play an important role, but are used more selectively.

Features of the use of moldings in neoclassicism:

Predominance of geometrically correct forms and symmetry.

Use of moldings with less complex and embossed decor.

Monochrome or two-tone solutions – often the mouldings are painted in the same colour as the walls or in a contrasting shade.

A combination of classic elements with modern materials and technologies.

Minimalistic ceiling design – simple cornices and rosettes.

Art Deco

Art Deco style is characterized by luxury, bright accents and geometric shapes. Moldings in this style serve to create spectacular design solutions and often become the central element in interior design.

Characteristic features of the use of moldings in the Art Deco style:

Geometric motifs – zigzags, stepped lines, sun rays.

Contrasting color solutions – white moldings on dark walls or, conversely, dark ones on a light background.

Use of metal elements – moldings in gold, silver or brass.

Combination of mouldings with mirrors and glossy surfaces to create a play of light.

Design of multi-level ceilings using moldings and built-in lighting.

Modern styles

In modern minimalist interiors, moldings are also used, but in a more restrained and functional form. They become not so much a decorative element as a means for zoning space and creating graphic accents.

Using moldings in modern styles:

Simple, laconic forms without unnecessary decoration.

Paint the moldings to match the walls to create subtle, textured accents.

Using moldings for hidden lighting – creating floating ceilings and illuminated walls.

The use of contrasting colours to create graphics and dynamics in the interior.

A combination of traditional moldings with modern materials – glass, metal, concrete.

Non-standard compositions of moldings – asymmetrical, diagonal, abstract.

Features of installation of moldings

Surface preparation

Before installing moldings, it is necessary to carefully prepare the surface:

Clean the walls from dirt, dust and grease stains.

Remove old wallpaper, paint or other coverings that are not adhering well.

Level the surface with putty or plaster if there are significant irregularities.

Prime the surface for better adhesion of the adhesive to the base.

If the walls are to be painted, it is recommended to do so before installing the moldings to avoid the difficulty of painting hard-to-reach areas.

Selecting glue and tools

The choice of glue depends on the material of the moldings and the surface to which they will be attached:

For polyurethane and polystyrene moldings, special acrylic-based mounting adhesives or polyurethane adhesives are suitable.

For wooden moldings, PVA wood glue is often used in combination with mechanical fastening (nails, screws).

For gypsum moldings, gypsum or alabaster mixtures are used, as well as special adhesives for gypsum products.

To install the moldings you will need the following tools:

Tape measure, pencil, building level for marking.

Miter box and hacksaw for cutting moldings.

Spatulas of various widths for applying glue and putty.

Sandpaper of different grain sizes for processing cuts and joints.

Masking tape to protect walls from contamination with glue and paint.

The installation process

The process of installing moldings includes the following stages:

Marking – determining the location of the moldings on the surface using a level, pencil and tape measure.

Cutting moldings – adjusting elements to size, taking into account corners and joints.

Preparing cuts – processing ends and joints for neat connection of elements.

Applying glue – evenly apply the adhesive to the back side of the molding.

Installation – pressing the molding to the surface and fixing it until the glue sets.

Processing joints – filling cracks and gaps between elements with putty or sealant.

Finishing – sanding, priming and painting of installed moldings.

Typical installation errors

When installing moldings, the following mistakes are often made:

Incorrect marking – without taking into account the horizontal and vertical, which leads to distortions and skewing of the overall composition.

Inaccurate corner fitting – internal and external corner joints are particularly difficult and require precise calculations and careful processing.

Insufficient amount of glue or its uneven application can lead to peeling of moldings.

Violation of the technological process - for example, painting before the glue or putty has completely dried.

Ignoring material shrinkage is especially important for wood moldings, which can change size depending on humidity.

Caring for moldings

Regular maintenance

Proper care of moldings allows you to maintain their attractive appearance for many years:

• Dust removal – moldings, especially those with a textured surface, require regular dust cleaning using a soft brush or a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment.
• Wet cleaning – a slightly damp soft cloth can be used to remove dirt. After wet cleaning, the moldings should be wiped dry.
• Stain removal – to remove stains from moldings, use special cleaning agents suitable for the material from which they are made.

Features of care for different materials

Wooden moldings require periodic treatment with protective compounds (varnishes, waxes) to prevent drying out and protect against moisture.

Plaster moldings require careful maintenance without the use of abrasives or large amounts of moisture.

Polyurethane and polystyrene moldings tolerate moisture well, but may turn yellow when exposed to direct sunlight.

Metal moldings may require polishing and corrosion protection with special compounds.

Restoration and repair

During operation, moldings may become damaged, requiring repair or restoration:

• Cracks and chips are sealed using a putty suitable for the molding material.
• Restoring decorative elements may require the use of special forms and techniques.
• Renewal of the coating - periodically renewing the paint or protective layer extends the life of the moldings.
• Replacement of damaged sections – in case of serious damage, it may be necessary to replace individual elements or sections.

Professional restoration – for valuable historical moldings, it is recommended to contact specialist restorers.

Final thoughts

Decorative moldings are a universal element of architectural and interior design, combining aesthetic appeal with practical functionality. With a centuries-old history, moldings have come a long way from elements of ancient temples to modern design solutions, maintaining relevance and demand.

The variety of materials, shapes and styles allows using moldings in interiors of any style – from classic to minimalist. They solve many problems: zone the space, mask the flaws, create unique decorative compositions, emphasize the architectural features of the room.

The right choice and competent installation of moldings can completely transform the space, giving it completeness and individuality. It is important to consider the style of the interior, the features of the room and the properties of the selected materials.

Modern production technologies make moldings accessible and easy to use, which contributes to their popularity among both professional designers and people who decorate their homes themselves.