West European Romanticism Automatic translate

In the literary works of Francois Rene de Chateaubriand (1768-1848), for example, in the poem in the prose "Martyrs", mystical motives prevailed, nostalgia for the distant past, elegiac sentiments combined with criticism of bourgeois individualism. The cycle of poems by Alfred de Musset (1810-1857) “Nights” penetrates melancholy-sorrowful thoughts, pessimism.

In Paris, then considered the "capital of the world", the paths of such talented composers as Ferenc Liszt (1811-1886) and Frederic Chopin (1810-1849), Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) crossed paths. In the literary and musical salons, for example, in the house of the writer George Sand, where poets, musicians, artists met, thoughts are arising about the need for the synthesis of arts. It was believed that art needed to be brought together in order for music to convey the content of the novel or story, poetry was close to the art of sounds in harmony, and painting reflected images of literature.

Ferenc Liszt and Hector Berlioz wrote musical works related to literary or pictorial images: the dramatic legend “Condemnation of Faust” and the symphony “Harold in Italy” by Berlioz; Mephisto Waltz, Dante’s symphony for the Divine Comedy, Liszt’s symphonic poem. Berlioz strove for theatricalization of the symphonic genre, for the grandiose scale of performing compositions, for the grotesque sharpening of images. Frederic Chopin deepened the piano ballad genre; he skillfully combined classical form with melodic richness and imagination.

German romanticism, serious and mystical, systematically developed the theory and aesthetics of this direction, created masterpieces in literature and music. One of the main themes of German romantics was the fate of the creator: his life of confusion, loneliness, and sometimes a tragic death. This problem can be traced in the works of Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832), Robert Schumann (1810-1856), Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). To some extent, we can say that the Renaissance is the kingdom of painting, and the era of romanticism is the kingdom of music. So, the musical world of Ludwig Beethoven can be likened to the grandiose historical and artistic canvas of his time. Robert Schumann was the creator of the cycles of software lyric-dramatic piano miniatures ("Butterflies", "Carnival", etc.). Vocal cycles were written on the works of romantic poets Heinrich Heine, George Byron.

The antipodes in the literary field were Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Heinrich Heine. Goethe can rightfully be considered the founder of German literature of the New Age. His early works, written in a rebellious spirit (Storm and Onslaught), are replaced by sentimentalist ones (The Suffering of Young Werther). The peak of the work of this greatest poet of the world is a deeply philosophical work - the tragedy of Faust. Heinrich Heine was an outstanding master of historical and political poetry. His early poems, imbued with freedom and irony, are close to the traditions of the folk song ("Book of Songs"). At the end of his life, pessimistic motives in his work intensified (collection "Romansero"). Literature of German romantics gravitated to fabulousness and fantasticness (Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm and others).

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In England, the birth of a new style in art was accompanied by the beginning of the industrial revolution and the formation of an industrial society. As an antithesis to rapid economic development, artists and writers developed a nostalgic feeling for the world of the Middle Ages. English romanticism, sentimental and sensual, often saw the sublime in simple, ordinary things. Various romantic movements in England brought together the desire for naturalism. English romantics did not oppose their own "I" to society. English romanticism is characterized by a fantastically utopian, allegorical and symbolic depiction of life, it widely used irony and grotesque as a combination of funny and scary.

Thanks to 25 novels by Walter Scott (1771-1832), Europe was subdued by the morals of knightly times. Walter Scott believed that in novels everything should correspond to the depicted historical time: household items, customs, customs and even the language of the characters. In this regard, the term local flavor arose. In the future, numerous followers of Walter Scott, authors of historical novels from all European countries, always sought to recreate the local flavor in their works, i.e. exotic of antiquity.

Idyllic images of rural life found their vivid expression in the poetry of Robert Bsrns. Lord George Byron (1788 - 1824) in his "eastern" poems ("Gyaur", "Lara") and in the "Pilgrimage of Childe Harold" brought out the image of a disappointed rebel individualist. The fate of the poet often seemed to be intertwined with the fate of his heroes. George Byron left England in 1816, took part in the movement of Italian carbonaries, in the national liberation struggle in Greece. J. Byron was the bearer of public sentiments of the beginning of the century.

The most prominent artists of the first third of the XIX century. in England were John Constable (1776-1837) and William Turner (1775-1851). John Constable was the first artist to enter the open air and paint from nature his poetic landscapes, where man and nature exist in a single organic space. W. Turner was ahead of time, many of the motives of his works are consonant with the future of the 20th century (“Rain, steam and speed”, “Funeral at sea”). His landscapes, bold in color and light-air searches, are distinguished by an addiction to unusual effects, colorful phantasmagoria.