The Course of Empire: The Savage State Thomas Cole (1801-1848)

Here we observe a landscape dominated by a dramatic interplay of light and shadow, suggesting a narrative unfolding across time. The composition is structured around a central promontory rising from a body of water, its peak shrouded in smoke or mist that obscures the upper reaches. This feature serves as a focal point, drawing the eye into the scene’s depths.
The foreground presents a lush, almost overgrown environment. Dense vegetation – trees with gnarled roots and thick undergrowth – covers rocky terrain. Several figures are scattered throughout this area; they appear small in scale relative to the landscape, suggesting their subordinate position within it. These individuals seem engaged in activities that imply a rudimentary existence – hunting or gathering, perhaps – indicative of an early stage of societal development. Their postures convey a sense of alertness and cautiousness, as if constantly aware of their surroundings.
The artist has employed a palette rich in earthy tones – greens, browns, and ochres – to depict the natural world. However, these are punctuated by flashes of pink and purple within the sky, hinting at an impending change or transition. The light itself is not uniform; it illuminates certain areas while leaving others in deep shadow, creating a sense of mystery and foreboding.
The smoke rising from the promontory introduces a note of potential conflict or upheaval. It could signify either a natural phenomenon – a volcanic eruption or forest fire – or an act of human intervention, such as warfare or industrial activity. The ambiguity is deliberate, allowing for multiple interpretations regarding the future trajectory of this civilization.
Subtly embedded within the scene are indications of nascent societal structures. While the figures appear primitive, their presence suggests a communal existence and a degree of organization. However, the overall impression is one of precariousness – a fragile balance between humanity and nature that could easily be disrupted. The painting seems to explore themes of civilizations origins, its relationship with the natural world, and the potential for both progress and destruction inherent in human endeavors.